現在的結果:I can’t walk – I’ve hurt my leg. 我不能走路 – 我腳受傷了。
現在的結果:Look – he hasn’t eaten his vegetables. 你看 – 他還沒吃他的青菜。
新消息:Have you heard? He’s arrived! 你聽說了嗎?他已經抵達了!
新消息:You’ve passed the exam! 你通過考試了!
現在完成改成現在簡單:He’s lost his keys. = He can’t find them. 他丟了他的鑰匙。=他找不到他們。
現在完成改成現在簡單:Sally’s come back. = Sally is home. 莎莉回來了。=莎莉在家了。
練習一:把下面現在完成式改成現在簡單式
He’s gone.
The plane has landed.
We’ve washed the dishes.
The dog has died.
現在完成式常用來宣布消息或新聞,但是當要給更多的詳細內容的時候,通常會改成過去式。
I’ve found my wallet. – Oh, good. Where did you find it? 我找到我的錢包了。- 太好了。你在哪裡找到的?
Your parcel has arrived. The postman brought it at eight o’clock. 你的包裹到了。郵差在八點鐘送來。
Three climbers has died in the Alps. They fell just before reaching the summit on Mont Blanc. 三個登山者死在阿爾斯山。他們在就要抵達白朗峰的頂峰時摔落。
A light passenger plane crashed in Surrey. According to eyewitnesses, the aircraft hit a tree while coming to land. 一台輕型客機在薩里郡墜毀。根據目擊著的話,飛機在降落的時候撞上一棵樹。
練習二:中翻英(用現在完成是跟過去簡單式
1.彼得(Peter)剛給我一份新工作!他說我正是他需要的人。
2.世界盃隊伍回家了。五千名粉絲在機場等他們。
當要講一個東西的來源,起源的時候會用過去簡單式,不用現在完成式
Who wrote that? (NOT Who has written that?) 那是誰寫的?
Bill gave me this necklace. 比爾給我這條項鍊。
Did you put this here? 你把這個放在這裡嗎?
Whose idea was it to come here on holiday? 來這裡渡假是誰的主意?
現在完成式用來描述從過去開始一直持續到現在的狀況 (up to now),特別是當我們要表達持續多長的時間的時候。常會與 since , for 連用。 since 後面可以加主詞,動詞,形成子句,如 since she left school 。 since 後面也可以加一個時間點 (particular time),如:since 1973, since two years ago, since university 等。 for 後面接的是一段時間 (a duration of time),如for two hours, for a very long time, for ages 等。
past –s-i-t-u-a-t-i-o-n->present
過去—狀—況—>現在
He has lived in Taipei since he was born. 他一出生就到現在都住在台北。
She has run a small business since 2012. 她從2012年開始經營一家小公司。
Helen has played the piano for two years. 海倫開始彈琴到現在兩年了。
I’ve always wanted to go to Greece, but I’ve never had time. 我一直想要去希臘,但是我一直都沒有時間。
不會用現在簡單式來說某件事情持續多久。
I’ve known Tom for 7 years. (NOT I know Tom for years.) 我認識湯姆好多年了。
How long have you been here for? (=’Since when …?’) 你來這裡多久了?(從什麼時候..?)
How long are you here for? (=’Until when …?’) 你要在這裡待多久?(直到什麼時候..?)
練習三:把下列句子中括號裡面的字改成正確的實態,並完成句子。
1.He (be) unemployed. (ever since he left school)
2.I (have) trouble sleeping. (all this week)
3.I (have) trouble sleeping. (all last week)
4.(you live) in this town? (How long)
5.I (not learn) much. (in that job)
6.He was ill before Christmas, but he (be) fine. (since then)
現在完成式多會用在從過去某個時間到現在重複的活動。重複行為的時間不重要。這種表現方式常會跟著同時出現頻率副詞如:often, sometimes, occasionally, several times, twice, three times 等等。
I’ve sometimes thought of moving to Australia. 我有時候會想要搬到澳洲去住。
Benjamin’s been to Africa several times this year. 班傑明今年去過好幾次非洲。
I’ve written six letters since lunch time. 從午餐時間到現在我已經寫了六封信了。
He’s climbed a lot of mountains, but he’s never been up to Mont Blanc. 他爬過很多座山,但是他從來都沒上去過白朗峰。
練習四:用現在完成式或過去簡單式完成句子。
1.How many cups of coffee (you drink) today?
2.Since my brother lost his job, he (write) two books.
3.I’m not cooking today – I (cook) all the meals yesterday. In fact, I (cook) most of the meals this week.
4.He (run) away from school three times when he was fourteen.
現在完成式過去簡單式的時間用詞
現在完成式跟過去簡單式都可以用來表達過去完成的行為。決定用那個時態常常會是看用什麼樣的時間表達語。當時間表達語是已經過去的時間 (finished time),比方說 last night, yesterday, last month, three years ago, then, when 等,會用過去簡單式,不會用現在完成式。而當所表達的時間用語是過去的任何時間到目前為止 (any time up to now) 比方說 ever, never, before, recently, lately, often, already, yet, just 等時間用詞,則用現在完成式。
I saw Kate yesterday. (NOT I’ve seen Kate yesterday.) 我昨天看到凱特。
Have you seen Rob recently. 你最近有看到羅柏嗎?
She studied Chinese when she was at university. 她在大學的時候學中文。
He’s never studied any foreign languages. 他從來沒有學過任何外語。
練習五:選擇正確的時態
1.‘Who is she?’ ‘I (‘ve never seen / never saw) her before.
2.I (‘ve done / did) a lot of stupid things in my life.
3.When (have you got / did you get ) married?
4.I’m sorry I (haven’t finished / didn’t finish) yet.
5.He (has caught / caught) the plane at eight this morning.
6.She (has left / left) school last year.
現在完成式用在過去的任何時間到現在,即使沒有用時間用詞,但是從句子中可以推測意
思,就可以用現在完成式。而過去簡單式用在從句中可以推斷出是表示過去已結束的時間的
話,雖然沒有時間用詞,還是用過去簡單式。
Have you seen ‘Hamlet’? (= Have you ever seen ‘Hamlet?) 你有沒有看過哈姆雷特? (=你這輩子到現在有沒有看過哈姆雷特?)
Did you see ‘Hamlet’? (It was on TV last night) 你有看哈姆雷特嗎?(昨天晚上電視有演。)
My grandfather did a lot for me. (… when he was alive) 我的祖父為我做了很多。(…在他還活著的時候)
How many times have you been in love? 你談過幾次戀愛?
現在完成式用在最好的,最差的,第一次,第二次如 this/it/that is the first/second/third/only/best/worst 等句子。
That’s the fifth cake you’ve eaten this morning. 那是你今天早上吃的第五塊蛋糕。
This is the fifth time you’ve asked me the same question. 這是你第五次問我同樣的問題。
It’s one of the most interesting books I’ve ever read. 這是我看過最有趣的一本書。
This is the best movie I’ve ever seen. 這是我看過最棒的電影。
練習六:翻譯下列句子
這是我唯一一次看過她哭。
這是我今年吃過最棒的一餐。
那是你從早餐到現在喝的第十杯咖啡。
這是你在這份工作中犯過第三個嚴重的失誤。
這是你今天第八次你唱這首歌。
該用現在完成式還是過去簡單式?其實上面都有講過,這邊再重新整理複習一下:
現在完成式:把過去跟現在一起想,也就是過去發生的事,但跟現在有關係的。
過去簡單式:只是描述過去,跟現在不相干的。
My sister has learned French. (She can speak French now.) 我姊姊學了法文。(她現在會說法文。)
Shakespeare probably learned Italian. (NOT Shakespeare has probably learned Italian.)
莎士比亞或許有學義大利文。
We’ve studied enough to pass the exam. (The exam is still to come.) 我們為了通過考試唸了夠多的書了。(考試還沒考。)
We studied enough to pass the exam. (The exam is over.) 我們為了通過考試唸足夠的書。(考試已經結束。)
(潔西注:中文其實沒有什麼不同,所以還蠻難懂的。)
現在完成式:時間用詞是到目前為止 (some/any time up to now) 的意思,比方說像 ever, never, before, yet, recently, already 等這些,多半用現在完成式。
過去簡單式:時間用詞是已經結束的過去時間 (finished-time words)時,用的是過去簡單式,比方說像 yesterday, then, when, last week, three years ago, in 2000 等,不可以用現在完成式,要用現在簡單式。
Have you seen Lucy anywhere? 你有沒有看到露西?
I saw Lucy yesterday. (NOT I have seen Lucy yesterday.) 我昨天看到露西。
What have you done with the car keys? I can’t find them. 你對車子鑰匙做了什麼事?我找不到他們。
What did you do then? (NOT What have you done then?) 你當時做了什麼事?
My brother has had an accident. He’s in hospital. 我哥哥發生意外了。他人在醫院。
When did the accident happen? (NOT When has the accident happened?) 意外在什麼時候發生的?
現在完成式:句子裡沒有提到時間,但是想的是從過去的某個時間一直到現在的就用現在完成式。
過去簡單式:句子裡沒有提到時間,但是想的是過去已經結束的時間的動作用過去簡單式。
Have you even seen ‘Romeo and Juliet’? (=Have you ever seen it? Or Have you seen the present production?) 你看過羅密歐與茱麗葉嗎?(= 你曾經有看過它嗎?或是你有看過現代的製作嗎?)
Did you see ‘Romeo and Juliet’? (It was on TV last night.) 你有看羅密歐與茱麗葉嗎?(昨天晚上電視有演。)
You’ve done a lot for me. (…up to now) 你為我做了很多。(…到目前為止)
My grandmother did a lot for me. (…when she was alive) 我奶奶為我做了很多。(在她生前)
現在完成式:用來發表新消息,新聞。
過去簡單式:新聞中的詳細內容用過去簡單式。
Joe has passed his exam! He got 87%. 喬通過考試了!他拿了八十七分。
There has been a plane crash near Bristol. Witness said that there was an explosion as the aircraft was taking off. 在靠近布里斯托的地方有一起墜機事件。目擊者說在飛機起飛的時候爆炸了。
5 I wondered who had left the door open. 我在想是誰讓門開著。
6 I thought I had sent the mail a week before. 我以為我在一個星期前寄了郵件。
.
c
過去完成式會用在假設語氣中跟過去事實相反的假設。假設語氣可以分跟現在或未來可能成真的假設,跟現在事實相反的假設,還有一個就是跟過去事實相反,沒有發生的假設,多半有那種早知如此,當初應該怎麼怎麼做的那種意思。這個句型 if 帶領的假設子句 會用 if + S + had + V3 (if+主詞+had+過去分詞),而主要子句會用 S + would/could/should + have + V3 (主詞+would/could/should+have+過去分詞)
7 If he had gone to university, he would have studied medicine. 假如他去念大學的話,他會是念醫藥學。(實際上他過去沒有念大學,他過去也沒有念醫藥學)
8 I wish you had told me the truth. 我但願你有跟我說實話。
9 We wouldn’t have been late if we had caught the train. 我們假如搭上火車的話就不會遲到了。(實際上我們過去沒有趕上火車,我們遲到了)
.
d
過去完成式跟 it was the first/second/only … that … 連用。跟現在完成式的用法雷同,不過說的是過去第一次/第二次/唯一一次等什麼事情發生,that 後面用的是過去完成式。
10 It was the first time that I had seen the movie. 那是我第一次看到這部電影。
11 It was only the second opera I had seen in my life. 那是我這輩子第二次看歌劇。
12 That was the only time he had fired a gun. 那是他唯一一次開槍。
This is the best movie I’ve ever seen. 這是我看過最棒的電影。(看完的當下說)
That was the best movie I had ever seen. 那是我看過最棒的電影。(先前看的)
.
翻譯練習
1 沒人來那個派對因為潔西忘記跟大家說關於這件事。
2 當他進來的時候,我們都知道他去過哪裡。
3 因為他很久沒檢查汽油,車子壞掉了。
4 當我到家的時候,比賽已經開始了。
5 在我寫下我的感受後,我覺得好多了。
6 在她不再試著減肥後,她看起來健康多了。
7 我昨天晚上看了音樂劇。那是我第一次看音樂劇。
8 我沒有等你是因為我以為你已經離開了。
9 當我到公車站的時候,我發現我把口罩放在家裡了。
10 假如我沒有吃那麼多的話,我就不會肚子痛了。
翻譯練習 答案
.
.
.
1 沒人來那個派對因為潔西忘記跟大家說關於這件事。
1 Nobody came to the party because Jessie had forgotten to tell people about it.
2 當他進來的時候,我們都知道他去過哪裡。
2 When he came in, we all knew where he had been.
3 因為他很久沒檢查汽油,車子壞掉了。
3 Because he hadn’t checked the gas for a long time, the car broken down.
4 當我到家的時候,比賽已經開始了。
4 When I got home, the game had already started.
5 在我寫下我的感受後,我覺得好多了。
5 After I had written down my feelings, I felt much better.
6 在她不再試著減肥後,她看起來健康多了。
6 After she had stopped trying to lose weight, she looked much healthier.
7 我昨天晚上看了音樂劇。那是我第一次看音樂劇。
7 I watched a musical last night. It was the first time I had watched a musical.
8 我沒有等你是因為我以為你已經離開了。
8 I didn’t wait for you because I thought you had left.
9 當我到公車站的時候,我發現我把口罩放在家裡了。
9 When I got to the bus station, I found out that I had left my mask home.
10 假如我沒有吃那麼多的話,我就不會肚子痛了。
10 If I hadn’t eaten that much, I wouldn’t have had a stomachache.
雖然現在我們有很多的不方便,很多的不順遂,但是事情遇到也只能去處理去面對,對於自己能掌握之外的事情就只能接受,再怎麼不喜歡再怎麼討厭,因為沒有什麼事是你可以做的。那自己可以做什麼?自己的心情,自己的生活,自己面對事情的態度,自己處理事情的方法,這些是自己可以決定的。去想辦法讓自己開心還是要放著讓自己不開心?說來容易做來難 Easier said than done.
但是呢關於這種檢測的東西也不是我們小老百姓可以決定的,怎麼辦?好好保護自己啊!那天上課前被學生問到說老師你都不會怕啊?我們都是上班下班,同一間辦公室,老師要到處跑。恩,老實說,現在其實有些課已經請假取消了,也有些課就乾脆到學生家上課了,那天想想,現在上課的地方只有星巴克。潔西最近都找最邊邊的角落上課,上課儘可能都戴著口罩,桌子會先消毒一下,下課回到家第一件事先洗澡。另外潔西比大家好的就是可以挑非交通顛峰時刻出門,本來就討厭上下班的捷運,所以都會提早出門上課,可以走路上課的地方就走路上課。潔西家中有八十多歲的老爸,潔西的學生家中也有小朋友,要把自己保護好,才是對自己跟對別人負責的。現在已經沒有所謂的太小心了 You can’t be too careful. 接下來的發展會是如何,這個疫情還會持續多久,沒有一個專家目前可以給出一個正確答案,同學先前說她老公說亂世要先自保,說得一點都沒錯,大家好好保護自己,多洗手,手不要碰臉,口罩雖然戴了不舒服還是戴吧!