不過那個老師的用意其實潔西可以理解，母語使用者應該是看很多台灣人中式英文或積非成是的錯誤英文，所以想要提醒大家把錯誤的地方改過來。比方說。I am agree you. (X) 這種就是 be 動詞兩千輩子都不會跟動詞原型或過去式一起出現的常犯錯誤。還有介系詞常常多出來或漏掉。I agree with you. 我同意你。agree 後面要介系詞。
明天要上課，話說哪一天不用上課的，有，下個月很多天都不用上課，其實昨天也只才上一個小時而已啦。總之就是早點睡覺明天不用喝太多咖啡，最近胃潰瘍好蠻多的樣子，比較少不舒服，但是呢喝咖啡大概中杯半杯可以，超過半杯就不舒服了，但是上課沒精神又不行，所以呢就是那天教學生的單字：地雷馬 dilemma。I’m in a dilemma. 或者更口語我們會偷 To be or not to be, that is the question. 的莎翁名言：To dirnk or not to drink, that is the question. 喝還是不喝呢？不能喝啦，快十二點了，睡覺去，晚安晚安！
潔西真的很有文法魂，準備晚上多益的課的時候，因為時間還蠻多的，所以就慢慢地一題一題看要怎麼樣解釋，遇到覺得很奇怪的就上網查到了解為止，所以今天要上1.5小時的課，潔西花了兩個多小時在準備，哈哈哈。然後學到不少，比方說先前不知道原來 rather than 可以當介系詞，後面加動名詞。又看到 considering ，覺得怎麼樣當現在分詞都不合理，果然查了字典，它居然可以是介系詞，第一次知道。還有 The more …, the more …. 這個句型，前面用現在簡單式，後面用未來式，難不成是副詞子句嗎？查了好幾本文法書又上網找，最後沒有找到，但是找到類似句型，所以可以確定應該就是副詞子句。學不完的英文啊！，
這幾天比較閒就可以多花一點時間來把課準備得更好，目前有備不完的課等著潔西，所以都是一星期一星期來，有時候忙一點就混到前一天才在趕。想很開了，反正潔西就是做自己，可以互相磨合，但不會勉強。對了，想到這個，潔西真的很討厭人家說謊話，即使是所謂的善意的謊言 white lies ，但是更討厭的事說很容易被潔西拆穿的謊，潔西沒有那麼弱來，有什麼話可以直說。
學生做到下面這一題，答案有 a 跟 one 可以選，大家會選哪一個？答案是 a。為什麼 one 不可以？
Could I ask you __________ question?
因為潔西問了一下 Google 大師，大致上的答案是一般來說我們都會用 a ，這時的 a 跟一般非限定的 a 有點差別的是它是特定的一個，但是你沒有確切說是誰或哪一個，就像 I have a dog. 我有一隻狗。就我家那隻狗啊，但是沒明確地說出是哪一隻狗。I have a sister. 我就只又一個姊姊，所以是特定的那一個，但是呢我沒有說出是誰，這也是 a 的用法的一種。潔西剛剛特別去查文法書，影片上沒有，後面有練習題。
中文會覺得 I have a question. 跟 I have one question. 是一樣的。I have a brother. 跟 I have one brother. 兩個都可以用，但是表達的意思是不一樣的。
一般被問到 Do you have any brothers or sisters? 會回答 I have a brother. 就是上面的用法，是限定的，但沒說出是誰。
那什麼時候會回答 I have one brother. 呢？比方說有人跟潔西說，I heard you have two brothers. 這時候就會說，No, I have (just) one brother. 這時候的 one 要強調的是一個而不是兩個，所以當我們用 one 的時候是用來強調數字，只有一個。
所以當你說 I have a question. 是說你有一個問題，但是你說 I have one question. 你要強調的是我要問的不是兩個問題，三個問題，是一個問題。
所以 Can I ask you ______ question? 最自然的答案釋放 a ，因為沒有上下文，沒有要強調一個的話就會用 a。
1 The bomb exploded, destroying the building. = The bomb exploded. The bomb destroyed the building. 炸彈爆炸，摧毀了那棟建築物。
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b 給行為的原因，這時通常分詞構句會放在前面
2 Knowing she loved reading, Roy bought her a book. = Roy bought her a book because he knew she loved reading. 羅伊知道她喜歡閱讀，買了一本書給她。
3 Being exhausted I fell asleep on the MRT. = I fell asleep on the MRT because I was exhausted. 因為我太累了，我在捷運上睡著了。
4 Seeing the bus come round the corner he started to run. = He started to run because he saw the bus come round the corner. 因為他看到公車從轉角過來，他跑了起來。
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c 說明一個行為在另外一個行為發生時同時發生
5 Standing in the queue, I realized I didn’t have any money. = While I was standing in the queue, I realized I didn’t have any money. 當我站在隊伍當中，我發現我沒有任何錢。
6 I was sitting on the sofa watching TV. = I was sitting on the sofa. I was watching TV. 我坐在沙發上看電視。
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d 說明一個動作被另外一個動作打短
7 I fell over running for the bus. = I was running for the bus. I fell over. = While I was running for the bus, I fell over. 我跑著追公車時跌倒了。
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e 說明一個動作在另外一個動作前發生
8 Opening the envelope, I found two concert tickets. = I opened the envelope and I found two concert tickets. 我打開信封發現兩張演唱會的票。
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f 給予主要子句的主詞額外的資訊
9 Starting in the new year, the new policy bans cars in the city center. = The new policy bans cars in the city center. The new policy starts in the new year. 從新年開始新的政策禁止車子在市中心。
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g 形容詞子句的縮減
10 Is that someone knocking at the door? = Is that someone who is knocking at the door? 有人在門口敲門嗎？
11 Do you know the man talking to your mother? = Do you know the man who is talking to your mother? 你認識那個在跟你母親說話的人嗎？
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C 過去分詞構句 past participle clauses
過去分詞構句通常有被動的意思
a 類似於 if 假設句的意思
12 Used in this way, participle can make your writing more concise. = If you use participle in this way, participles can make your writing more concise.
Participle can make your writing more concise if it was used in this way. 分詞讓你的寫作跟精準假如它被這樣用的話。
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b 給行為的原因
13 Worried by the news, she called the hospital. = She called the hospital because she was worried by the news. 她打電話給醫院因為新聞而擔心的原因。
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c 給予主要子句的主詞額外的資訊
14 Filled with pride, he walked towards the stage. = He was filled with pride. He walked toward the stage. 他充滿著驕傲。他走向舞台。
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d 形容詞子句的縮減
15 The dog hit by the car wasn’t hurt. = The dog that was hit by the car was’t hurt. 那隻被車子撞到的口沒有受傷。
16 The gold stolen in the robbery was never recovered. = The gold that was stolen in the robbery was never recovered. 在搶劫中被偷走的金子一直沒被找回來。
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D 完成分詞構句 perfect participle clauses
完成分詞構句是用來表示描述的行為在主要子句的行為前發生。完成分詞構句可以是有主動或被動的意思
17 Having finished their training, they will be fully qualified doctors. = They finished their training. The will be fully qualified doctors. 他們完成訓練後將會成為有完整資格的醫生。
18 Having been made redundant, she started looking for a new job. = She was made redundant. She started looking for a new job. 她被解雇了。她開始找新工作。
19 Having missed the bus, we decided to drive into town. = We missed the bus. We decided to drive into town. 錯過公車，我們決定開車進城。
20 Having finished the cake, we started on the cheese. = We finished the cake. We started on the cheese. 吃完了蛋糕我們開始吃起士。
21 After missing the bus we decided to drive into town. After we missed the bus, we decided to drive into down. 我們錯過公車後，決定開車進城。
22 After finishing the cake, we started on the cheese. = After we finished the cake, we started on the cheese. 我們吃完蛋糕後，開始吃起士。
23 Having tried the coffee, I don’t recommend it. = Because I tried/have tried the coffee, I don’t recommend it. 因為我試了那咖啡，我不推薦。
24 Having discussed it with my teacher, I decided to take the exam a year early. = Because I had discussed it with my teacher I decided to take the exam a year early. 因為我先跟我的老師討論了，我決定要早一年參加考試。
分詞構句常常在連接詞跟介系詞後面
25 Before cooking, you should wash your hands. 在做菜前，你應該洗你的受。
26 Instead of complaining about it, they should try doing something positive. 與其抱怨這件事，他們應該試著做一些積極的事。
27 On arriving at the hotel, he went to get changed. 在抵達飯店後，他去換衣服。
28 While packing her things, she thought about the last two years. 當她在打包她的東西時，她想著過去兩年。
29 In spite of having read the instructions twice, I still couldn’t understand how to use it. 儘管有看過輛次說明，我還是不了解如何使用它。
翻譯練習題
1 因為他很有名，餐廳給他折扣。
2 當我搭捷運的時候，我遇到了我的老師。
3 被聲音嚇到，他開了燈。
4 你認識那個在跟我爸爸說的話男人嗎？
5 行李放著沒人看得將會被警察拿走。
6 她結婚前環遊世界。
7 說了那些，我不是要讓你不愉快。
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翻譯練習解答：
1 因為他很有名，餐廳給他折扣。
1 Because he was famous, the restaurant give him a discount.
1 Being famous, he got a discount.
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2 當我搭捷運的時候，我遇到了我的老師。
2 While I was taking the MRT, I ran into my teacher.
2 Taking the MRT, I ran into my teacher.
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3 被聲音嚇到，他開了燈。
3 Because he was frightened by the noise, he turned on the light.
3 Frighted by the noise, he turned on the light.
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4 你認識那個在跟我爸爸說的話男人嗎？
4 Do you know the person who is talking to my father?
4 Do you know the person talking to my father?
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5 行李放著沒人看得將會被警察拿走。
5 Luggage which was left unattended will be take away by police.
5 Luggage left unattended will be take away by police.
那為什麼學英文要學詞性，恩，因為這是第二外語，你沒有那個環境接受到那麼大量的英語的話，你會想要學一些句型讓你可以以此類推，這時候你就需要學詞性。英文最常見的句型就是主詞＋動詞＋受詞。主詞跟受詞都一定要是名詞，所以我喜歡蘋果是 I like apples. ，但是呢我喜歡游泳，有人會說 I like swim. (X) 這是錯誤的句子，因為受詞一定要是名詞，所以呢要說 I like swimming. 這才是正確的句子。
他歌唱得很好。He sings well. 不可以說 He sings good. (X) 因為英文要用副詞修飾動詞，well 是副詞修飾動詞 sing。He is a good singer. 他是個好歌手。這邊用 good 是因為 good 是形容詞，用來修飾名詞 singer。這些其實是很基礎的，假如這些詞性弄不清楚的話，說出來寫出來的句子一定是錯誤百出。
Hi! My name is Jessie, and I am an English teacher. I never feel bored when I teach English because it is a very interesting language. I usually listen to English news in the morning, and I watch American talk shows before I go to bed. If you practice every day, you will make good progress. It is my pleasure to be your teacher. Please send me a message if you have any questions.
八大詞性：
1 感嘆詞：用來表達強烈的情緒或驚訝，比方說 wow 哇！, ouch 好痛！, ew 噁心, yeah 耶
hi
2 名詞：用來表達人，事，物，地的名字，比方說 Taipei 台北, love 愛情, air 空氣, chair 椅子
name, Jessie, teacher, English, language
3 代名詞：用來代替某個人，事，物，以及前面說過的名詞，比方說 he, she, this, that, some
I, it
4 動詞：用來表達狀態，感受，行為，動作等
a 不及物動詞：後面不用加受詞的動詞，比方說 fly 飛, shave 刮鬍子, run 跑步
Time flies. / My father shaves every morning. / I run every evening.
b 及物動詞：後面要加受詞的動詞，比方說 have, drink, like
I have a dog. / I drink coffee. / I like SMAP.
c 連綴動詞：用來連接主詞跟主詞補語的動詞，比方說 be 動詞，感官動詞，get, become
My name is Jessie. / I feel sick. / He got angry.
d 助動詞：用來表達時態，否定，疑問，跟某些語態，比方說 be 動詞，do, have, can, might
I am speaking English. / It will not rain tomorrow. / I can swim. / I might swim tomorrow.
5 形容詞：用來描述，說明名詞，比方說 good, tall, funny
Your English is good. / I’m bored. / English is interesting. / I like American food.
今天覺得時間過得很慢，早上在十點鬧鐘還沒到的時候就起來了，很懶惰的在床上混很久，九點多起來吧。一起來又頭痛了，這種天氣真的很容易頭痛，一直懶得吃藥，因為沒有很痛，前幾天才吃過英明格，頭痛太久了，大概就會有感覺這個頭痛需不需要吃藥，不過剛剛還是吃了止痛藥 EVE ，有次學生拿出來給潔西吃，居然有效，小痛可以，偏頭痛止不了，然後剛剛又吃了三片黑巧克力，好像比較好一點了，哪個的效果不知，但是巧克力會引起咳嗽馬上見效。
這幾天其實有點小放空，這種天氣居然沒有天氣不好已經很奇蹟了，剛剛還把衣服洗了，把地掃過拖過，把發音講義整理過，把一些該丟的講義都整理了一下，效率奇佳。然後居然晚上還炒飯來吃，自己一邊吃還一邊覺得好好吃的炒飯喔，隨便炒炒就這麼好吃，前兩天上課也很開心，下雨天，七個人，三個人，一樣都上得很開心，躁期莫名其妙的自信心真的站在一旁看覺得真好笑。大概做什麼都會覺得自己做得很好的不正常自信吧？好想沒寫過耶，來寫一下躁期的徵狀好了。潔西是 Bioplar Disorder II 輕燥，至少醫生那天是這麼說。美國的 MINH 列了下面的徵狀。
潔西現在沒那麼誇張，但是心情不錯，同時想做一百件事沒錯，會有 racing thoughts 很多想法在腦海裡一直轉轉轉，睡不著是很正常，不吃藥的話大概就摸摸摸到天明。不會很誇張，但是就會突然往上拉一個層級，因為物極必反，上星期差不多跌到谷底了，然後就上來了，就這樣。看小說，這次運氣不錯，借到好像蠻好看的小說。看書去。晚安:)
Feel very “up","high," or elated 感到非常嗨，心情超好
Have a lot of energy 充滿精力
Have increased activity levels 增加活動
Feel “jumpy" or “wired" 覺得緊張焦慮興奮刺激
Have trouble sleeping 有睡眠困擾
Talk really fast about a lot of different things 說得很快關於很多的不同的事情
Do risky things, like spend a lot of money or have reckless sex 做一些有風險的是，比方說花很多錢跟隨意的性愛
沒有很難的填空，填疑問詞5W1H: what, where, when, why, who, how 或者是助動詞
am, is, are, was, were, will, have, has, do, does, did 答案可能有一個字或兩個字。
Review: question formationAmerican English File 4 1A P4
Complete the following questions with one or two question words or an auxiliary verb.
1 ____________ do you earn?
2 ____________ you married?
3 ____________ have you been studying English?
4 ____________ do you prefer, small towns or big cities?
5 ____________ do you go to the movies in a year?
6 ____________ tall are you?
7 ____________ religion are you?
8 ____________ you want to have children?
9 ____________ of music do you listen to?
10 ____________ advice do you listen to most?
11 ____________ you ever said “I love you” and not meant it?
12 ____________ did you vote for in the last election?
參考答案照下列問句
13 __________________ do you protect your skin from the sun?
a Extremely well. b Pretty well.c Not very well.
14 __________________ are your with your health?
a Very happy. b Quite happy. c Not happy at all.
15 __________________ coffee do you drink in a week?
a A lot.b Quite a bit. c Not much.
16 __________________ do you eat red meat?
a Every day. b Several times a week. c Never.
17 __________________ do you spend on the computer every week?
a 40 hours. b 20 hours. c Five hours.
18 __________________ times a day do you wash hands?
a About six times. b About three times.c Once.
別偷看啊！
1 How much do you earn?
第一題的 earn 是賺錢的賺，有助動詞 do，欠的是 WH 疑問詞，有同學說 What do you earn? 你賺什麼？當然是錢囉。Where do you earn? 問了可能被打，也不合理，所以就是 How much do you earn? 你賺多少錢？這可不能隨便亂問的喔，非常不禮貌，不過台灣大概過年的時候長輩很喜歡問。
2 Are you married? Yes, I’m married.
你結婚了嗎？這裡 married 是形容詞，不是動詞的過去式，所以不能用 do，用 have 也不好。所以只能用 Are，用 Were 也不好，Were you married? 你結過婚嗎？所以也不要說I was married. 喔，假如你是已婚人士的話。
3 How long have you been studying English? I have been studying English for 20 years.
你唸英文唸多久了？這題的話因為有 have 助動詞，所以是 WH疑問詞，後面是現在完成進行式，現在完成進行式常常用來表達一段時間，所以 How long 是最好，假如我知道你最近一直在學英文，不知道在哪裡， Where have you been studying English? 你在哪裡學英文？也是可以。其他都不OK.
你一年去看電影幾次？有學生用 How many times do you go to the movies? 也可以。因為後面有 in a year 一年中，所以不能用 Where, When 等字。
6 How tall are you?I’m 1 meter 65.
你多高？問身高這邊大概只能用 How 吧！問體重想知道嗎？ How much do you weigh? 你多重？這潔西超愛問…比較熟的人就可以問 Do you mind if I ask you a personal question? 不介意的話，就說 No, not at all. 通常對方會直接說不介意，小心點的會說看你的問題是什麼？
7 What religion are you?I’m a Christian./ Catholic / Buddhist / Daoist / Jew / Muslim
你是什麼宗教？這邊用 which 好像也可以啦。上面 Christian 基督教徒，Catholic 天主教徒，Buddhist 佛教徒，Daoist 道教徒，Jew 猶太教徒，Muslim 回教徒。假如你沒有宗教信仰的話就可以說 I’m not religious. 。宗教的問題也不是個好話題喔。
8 Do you want to have children?
你想要有想小孩嗎？這裡有動詞了，所以前面需要助動詞，現在簡單式用 do 來幫忙 you 照問句。這也不甘大多人的事，雖然大家很愛問，尤其結婚很久沒生小孩的人。人家要嗎就是不想生，不然就是生不出來，反正都不要問最好。
9 What kind of music do you listen to? I listen to classical music. 我聽古典音樂。
你聽什麼樣的音樂？ 因為有 of ，所以前面是名詞 What kind/What type 都可以。
10 Whose advice do you listen to most?
這題對的人很少。 advice 是名詞，你聽忠告，忠告名詞前面假如說用 What 什麼忠告你最聽從，很奇怪，其他都不對，你最聽誰的忠告？用 Whose 才對。
11 Have you ever said “I love you” and not meant it?
你曾經說過「我愛你」但不是真心的嗎？這裡看到 ever 跟動詞第三態過去分詞大概可以猜得出來是完成式，問的是經驗。所以用現在完成式，用 Have 造問句。
12 Who did you vote for in the last election?
你上次投票投給誰？這裡有 vote for 是像片語差不多了，投票不會投給什麼，除非有什麼不同的選舉，所以這裡是 Who 誰。
13 How well do you protect your skin form the sun?
你多保護你的肌膚不受太陽的傷害？
14 How happy are you with your health?
你對你的健康有多開心？
15 How much coffee do you drink in a week?
你一星期喝多少咖啡？
16 How often do you eat read meat?
你多常吃紅肉？
17 How long do you spend on the computer ever week?
你每星期花在電腦上多少時間？
18 How many times a day do you wash your hands?
你一天洗幾次你的手？
下面是解釋到 what 跟 who 這兩個疑問詞當主詞的時候，是當作第三人稱單數，而且因為他就是主詞了，所以不會把疑問詞放到主詞前面，就直接照直述句的句型。
Where are you from?
When is your birthday?
Who did you go to the movies with?受
Who cooked dinner for you last night?主
Who is taking a shower?主
Who are you taking a shower with? 受
What happened? 主
What’s happened? 主
繼續寫點關於 how 的問題，how 的問題真的可以有很多耶，不過常見的就那幾個，運用太廣了，可以接在形容詞跟副詞後面，也可以單獨存在， How do you like your job? 超多人回答不出來，其實台灣人不會問你如何喜歡你的工作，但是外國人就會啊！是英文的文法不同，有你覺得你的工作如何，不能回答 Yes 跟 No 喔。
How often do you go to the gym?Three or four days a week.
你多常去健身房？一星期三四次。
How often 用來問頻率。 always, usually, sometimes 這些頻率放在一般動詞的前面。但是 once a month, twice a year, three times a week 則放在最後面。
(alway, usually, sometimes, rarely, never, once a month, twice a year)
How long do you spend at the gym?About an hour.
花多久的時間在健身房？大約一小時。
How long 用來問時間。問某人某件事花多久時間，比方說公司到家裡搭車花多久時間， How long does it take? 主詞這邊很多人會用 I ，其實應該要用 it 喔。
How well do you follow your diet?Not very well.
你多遵守你的飲食規則？不是很遵守。
How well 問程度，做到多好的意思，注意 well 是副詞所以要修飾動詞，假如要修飾名詞則要用形容詞 How good ，比方說 How good are you at sports? 運動多行的意思。well 問就用副詞 well 回答， good 問就用形容詞 good 或 bad 回答。
(very well, pretty well, about average, not very well)
How healthy are your eating habits? Somewhat health.
你的飲食習慣有多健康？有些健康。
How healthy 這就是 how 隨便亂加，馬上想到 How stupid are you? 生氣的時候罵人家你有多笨？其實是指對方是個大笨蛋的意思。 How 後面可以加名詞，形容詞都可以，表達程度。
How many meals do you eat a day?Five small meals.
你一天吃幾餐？五小餐。
How many 用來問數量，而且一定是問可數名詞。答案可以是數量詞，或是可數的數量詞，像 a few 等。
How much sleep do you get?Quite a bit.
你說睡多少？蠻多的。
How much 只能加不可數的名詞，所以答案不太會有數量，除非是用容器或計量單位去數。或不可數的數量詞。
(a lot, about average, very little)
(a lot, quite a bit, a little, not very much, not at all) + v
剛好被問到有沒有被動的影片，沒有，下午剛好同學請假，有多的時間，其實還想睡的，不過還是做個影片，晚上再睡好了，星期六日的課還可以拖一下，之後再備。不過不知為何覺得講得有點口齒不清，因為原先有做好的講義，照著講義講，其實被動沒有很難，只是需要原本就對時態很清楚，時態沒記清楚的話，換成被動就更難懂了，可是時態非常清楚的話，改被動只要把動詞改成 be 動詞再加上過去分詞這樣代換而已，真的沒有很難。多多練習其實就會駕輕就熟了。
“Romeo and Juliet” was written by William Shakespeare.
“Both Sides Now” was sung and written by Joni Mitchell.
2 當做該動作的人事物是令人感到訝異的
Our windows are washed by a robot.
The cake was eaten by a mouse!
3 當你要介紹做動作的人事物的必要新資訊時
John Delgado is a famous sports writer. He has just been hired by National Sports to write a monthly column. (The name of John’s employer is necessary new information.
E 及物動詞與非及物動詞. S + V. Time flies. S + V + O. I love dogs.
a 獨立子句 independent clause: 一些字當中有主詞，有動詞，語義完整。獨立子句本身表達一個完整的概念，能夠單獨存在
寫成一個句子。獨立子句如下:
I have the money. 我有錢。It’s not my fault. 這不是我的錯。
b 非獨立子句 dependent clause: 一些字當中有主詞，有動詞，但語意不完整，無法單獨成為一個完整的句子，需要依靠一個 主要子句來表達完整的語意。
非獨立子句如下 When I have the money 當我有錢的時候
Even though it was not my fault 雖然這不是我的錯 然後呢?
上面兩句的意思都不完整，需要再加上獨立子句才能成為一個句子。
When I have the money, I’ll buy a new Mac. 當我有錢的時候，我要去買一個新的筆電。
Even though it was not my fault, my boss fired me. 雖然這不是我的錯，我的老闆還是開除了我。
而在英文又有三種非獨立子句，這三種子句學生常常會單獨寫出來，其實是錯誤的，他們一
定要跟獨立子句結合才會成為一個完整的句子，表達正確的語意。
b1 名詞子句 noun clausethat Jon Snow will be the king 這就不是個完整的句子
名詞子句整個子句用來當名詞用，可以當主詞，受詞，或補語。 如:that Jon Snow will be the king 這是一個名詞子句，雖然有主詞有動詞，看起來語意感覺也完整，但是他的前面有 一個 that ，這個 that 本身沒有意義，但是因為有加上that，所以就不是完整的句子，但是 Jon Snow will be the king. 就是個完整的句子。
I think that Jon Snow will be the king. 我認為 Jon Snow 會當國王。
這才是一個完整的句子。 that Jon Snow will be the king 整個當名詞用，成為 think 的受詞用。
That the earth is round is true. 地球是圓的這件事是真的。
I don’t know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪裡。
b2形容詞子句 adjective clause
who made the mess 有人弄得一團糟，也不是個完整的句子
形容詞子句是整個子句當形容詞用，用來修飾名詞。who made the mess，這就是個形容詞 子句，他的語意是不完整的，中文可能覺得語意完整啊，但是英文這樣的句子是不完整的， 所以呢要改成
The person who made the mess needs to clean it.
弄得一團糟的人需要去清理。這樣才是個完整的句子，而當中的 who made the mess 用來修飾前面的那個人 person。
The present I received yesterday is from Australia.
b3 副詞子句 adverb clause
If you were having an affair 假如你有外遇的話，這個子句語意不完整
副詞子句是整個字句當作副詞用，用來修飾表達跟主要子句之間的關係。如:If you were having an affair 假如你有外遇的話，這個子句語意不完整，這只是個條件，在這個條件下 會怎麼樣呢?
If you were having affair, I would kill you.
假如你有外遇的話，我就會殺了你。 好可怕的恐怖情人大家要小心啊!不過這樣子的結合就變成了一個完整的句子了。 if you were having an affair 就是個副詞子句，表示在這條件下會有什麼狀況。 所以上面這三個名詞子句，形容詞子句，副詞子句都不會單獨存在，但是卻很常看到同學寫這樣的句子啊，請記住，他們都是寄生蟲，一定要找到適合的寄生對象啊!
Because I am hungry. (X)
When I get home. (X)
Because I’m hungry, I’m going to have instant noodles. 因為我餓了，所以我要去吃泡麵。
When I get home, my dog brings me my slippers. 當我回到家的時候，我的狗幫我拿拖鞋。
第二部分八大詞性
潔西家英語教室 Jessie
八大詞類( the parts of speech) 要學好英文,詞性非常重要。學到一個新單字的時候要先注意它的詞性,不同詞性的用法可 能不同,適用於不同句型的句子。千萬不可以只是中翻英。翻譯這兩個句子:
他對小孩子沒耐心。 He has no patience with kids. / He is not patient with kids.
我對英文很有興趣。 I’m interested in English. / I have an interest in English.
English is interesting. 英文很有趣。
He is allergic to peanuts. / He has an allergy to peanuts. 他對花生過敏。
每個英文單字都可以歸類為英文的八大詞類之一。同一個字可能有好幾種不同的詞性。如:
Love is in the air. 愛在空中。與 I love you. 這兩個句子中love 分別是名詞與動詞。同一個字的詞性不 同時,意義也可能不同。如:在The exam was really hard.中這個句子的hard是形容詞, 表示困難的。work hard, play hard這個片語的hard是副詞,表示程度上很努力地做某事。 所以記單字時要一併把詞性跟用法記住才能寫出與說出正確的句子。
八大詞類( the parts of speech) 分別是動詞,名詞,代名詞,形容詞,副詞,連接詞,介系詞跟感歎詞。
Tom thinks Mary is wonderful. He loves her madly, and he dreams of marrying her, but unfortunately he is too old for her. Today they are at a café with their friends Mandy and Jack, so Tom can’t get romantic with Mary.
Jessie's 潔西家 